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Phase Locked Loop Fundamentals

Phase Locked Loop Fundamentals

The basic form of a phase locked loop (PLL) consists of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a phase detector (PD), and a filter. In its more general form, the PLL may also contain a mixer and a digital divider.
High Performance, Low Cost, Surface-Mount Quadrature Couplers

High Performance, Low Cost, Surface-Mount Quadrature Couplers

Mini-Circuits has developed series of high performance 3 dB quadrature couplers. These products exhibit low insertion loss, amplitude unbalance and phase unbalance with good isolation covering the 800 to 2400 MHz frequency range.
Do It Yourself Low-Cost Directional Couplers

Do It Yourself Low-Cost Directional Couplers

There is a continuing demand to reduce the cost and increase the performance and quality at the same time. Mini-Circuits is working to satisfy these goals and has introduced a new directional couplers series to satisfy the demands of the market.
Statistical Process Control

Statistical Process Control

How does one get more competitive? The answer is simple. Exceed your customers’ needs and expectations. Provide, in the manner required by the customer, a quality product at low cost, on time, every time.
PGA-102+: LTE Performance vs Output Power

PGA-102+: LTE Performance vs Output Power

Mini-Circuits PGA-102+ High Dynamic Range MMIC Amplifier is designed specifically for applications which require high linear performance, particularly wideband, advanced digital communications systems such as LTE which require excellent ACLR suppression and low EVM.
YSF-322+: LTE Performance vs. Output Power

YSF-322+: LTE Performance vs. Output Power

Mini-Circuits YSF-322+ high dynamic range MSiP amplifier is designed specifically for applications which require high linear performance, advanced digital communications systems such as LTE which require excellent ACLR suppression and low EVM.
Terms and Definitions: Amplifiers

Terms and Definitions: Amplifiers

All the terms you need to know to use Amplifiers effectively.
The Prevention and Control of Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)

The Prevention and Control of Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)

We experience occurrences of static electricity everyday. While this sudden discharge of static electricity does not result in any harm to the human body, it can be very damaging to electronic devices which are sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD). This article is intended to instruct on the sources of ESD and preventative methods.
Automated Compression Measurements Using Network Analyzers

Automated Compression Measurements Using Network Analyzers

The dynamic range of an amplifier is determined by noise figure and compression. Since, conventional compression measurements are error prone and tedious, multi-channel and power sweep capabilities of modern network analyzers, can be used to perform automated compression measurements.
Synthesizer Design

Synthesizer Design

The design example covered here is an 800 to 900 MHz synthesizer in 100 kHz steps with a minimum output power of 10 mW across the band. Mini-Circuits model POS-1060, a low noise voltage controlled oscillator that operates over the range of 750 to 1060 MHz, is used.
Reducing Power Supply Noise in VCOs

Reducing Power Supply Noise in VCOs

It is always a good design philosophy to provide RF bypassing of power and DC control lines to the VCO. This is indeed the case when the VCO is located some distance away from the power supply.
Constant-Impedance IF Band-pass Filters Improve Circuits Performance

Constant-Impedance IF Band-pass Filters Improve Circuits Performance

Double-balanced mixers are normally very wideband. When used as down converters, the sum and difference of frequencies are of equal amplitude. Filtering is essential to remove the sum frequency.